- 19
- Episodes
- 1
- Ratings
- Weekly
- Cadence
- 2026
- First episode
About Questionable Treatments
Kim, a CNA, Medical Assistant, and True Crime enthusiast drags her husband, Ryan, through the dark history of the medical industry, treatments, and criminal behavior. This show explores the origins of infamous treatments and facilities in an attempt to uncover what went wrong and what motivated dangerous acts from people who took an oath to do no harm.
- Publisher
- Kim & Ryan
- Category
- true crime
- Language
- en
- Explicit
- Yes
- First episode
- 29 Mar 2026
- Latest episode
- 22 Aug 2026
Latest episodes
19 episodes in the feed.
22 Aug 2026
How Many Murderers are Hyding in One Small Town?
Harold Shipman is possibly the most prolific serial killer in UK history; assuming we don't count kings and nobles who did a lot of their murdering "legally". He was a quiet, unassuming general practitioner in a small-ish town but hid a secret and the motivations, or lack thereof, make it all more disturbing. But, it turns out, he wasn't the only one to instill terror in Hyde...
15 Aug 2026
Fasting, Ransoms, and the Genuinely Villainous Plots of Dr. Hazzard
Linda Hazzard is one of the worst people we've discussed because she was different from most of the rest. She didn't try or even really pretend to care about her patients. She wasn't misguided in an attempt to have mercy or force a social issue. She wanted money and she didn't care who she had to beat, starve, or kill to get it! Sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZsvyzup9go#:~:text=Based%20on%20true%20events.%20In%20the%20early,true%20historical%20horror%2C%20told%20with%20cold%20precision. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/morbid-monday-hazardous-dr-hazzard#:~:text=But%20her%20treatments%20caught%20on%2C%20and%20soon,Heights%E2%80%9D%3B%20the%20locals%20renamed%20it%20%E2%80%9CStarvation%20Heights.%E2%80%9D https://digitalarchives.wa.gov/Collections/TitleInfo/2508 https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19980221/2735719/5-generations-of-tradition-laid-to-rest----butterworth-funeral-home-sold-to-new-orleans-based-chain https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23420-mercury-poisoning https://archive.kitsapsun.com/news/local/olallas-starvation-heights-still-causes-chills-after-a-century-ep-418381772-357167181.html#:~:text=In%20it%2C%20she%20laid%20out%20this%20simple,patients'%20brows%20and%20backs%20with%20her%20fists. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/doctor-who-starved-her-patients-death-180953158/#:~:text=During%20this%20time%2C%20patients%20consumed%20only%20small,Hazzard%20attracted%20her%20fair%20share%20of%20patients. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/linda-burfield-hazzard https://unknownmisandry.blogspot.com/2011/09/linda-burfield-hazzard-medical-serial.html#:~:text=%E2%80%9CContinue%20above%20program%20until%20%2D%2D%2D%2D%2D%2D%2D%2D%2D%20.%20Did,but%20did%20you%20make%20money%20at%20it%3F%E2%80%9D https://digitalcollections.ohsu.edu/record/3163?ln=en&v=pdf https://www.olallabaymarket.com/starvationheights https://www.historylink.org/File/7955 https://www.mnhs.org/mnopedia/search/index/person/hazzard-linda-burfield-perry-1867-1938
8 Aug 2026
Paolo's Killing Spree and Swedish Justice
We cover Paolo Macchiarini's rise to criminal infamy, romantic escapes (you'll see), and finally his downfall in the VERY lenient Swedish justice system. Sources: https://news.ki.se/news-archive/the-macchiarini-case-timeline https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9244139/ https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60382-1/fulltext https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/01/celebrity-surgeon-nbc-news-producer-scam?srsltid=AfmBOopswbpaYi7AkeOIfa2IlVfyL3aWnSvudxLDuvjMe-3MZnLZYEdW https://www.karolinskahospital.com/about-us/history/the-paolo-macchiarini-case/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIJjw4LyzY4 https://forbetterscience.com/2017/06/16/macchiarinis-trachea-transplant-patients-the-full-list/ https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/dr-paolo-macchiarini-net-worth-153431676.html https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37311038 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21999257/ https://gbiomed.kuleuven.be/english/research/50000698/50489035/attachementsebook2/147-interview-with-macchiarini-in-aktuellt-may-4.pdf https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11634165/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6171706/
1 Aug 2026
Paolo the Miracle Worker
Unfortunately, I can't tell you much more than that Paolo Macchiarini appeared on the outside to be an incredibly accomplished, globe trotting doctor who wanted nothing more than to innovate and safe lives. Kim tells us that there is much more to this story so join us as we discuss his early life and the setup to his most questionable treatments!
25 Jul 2026
Swango-es to Jail - Finally
Due to the efforts of a mother looking into Michael Swango and finally seeing the pattern that had been repeatedly ignored by medical institutions, police, and the general public, this poisoner is finally recognized and stopped. It's a rough and twisting story but stick with us as we show how one person can make all the difference! Sources: https://www.serialkillercalendar.com/Michael%20SWANGO.php https://www.thelantern.com/2000/07/investigation-brings-murder-charges-against-swango/ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7273954/ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/confession-from-a-killer-doc/#:~:text=1987%3A%20After%20serving%20two%20years,No%20charges%20are%20filed.&text=1990%3A%20Swango%20is%20certified%20as,lied%20about%20his%20criminal%20record https://archive.is/20260318154349/https://www.pilotonline.com/2000/11/28/poisonous-passion-2/ https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-02-06-mn-19768-story.html https://law.justia.com/cases/kentucky/court-of-appeals/1998/1997-ca-001571.html https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1997/11/24/michael-swango-professional-courtesy https://murderpedia.org/male.S/s/swango-michael.htm https://www.columbusmonthly.com/story/lifestyle/features/2022/03/29/michael-swango-serial-killer-timeline/7190743001/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1
18 Jul 2026
Swango the Poisoner
Michael Swango had a very promising start in life with genuine talent and intelligence. Too bad his compulsion to poison everyone around him got in the way and derailed his medical career. Part 1 explores his younger years, his early medical ambitions, and the ignored red flags that would end up costing lives.
11 Jul 2026
Gosnell Gets Got
The machinery of justice may be rusty but in this case it finally did kick into motion. Join us to hear how a prolific and largely unknown serial killer was finally brought down and what happened to all involved! Sources: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2395004 https://www.plannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-southeastern-pennsylvania/patients/pa-abortion-control-act https://cdn.cnsnews.com/documents/Gosnell,%20Grand%20Jury%20Report.pdf https://www.senatorgeneyaw.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/60/files/2014/03/hudson.pdf https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23004693 https://www.webmd.com/women/abortion-procedures https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/04/how-the-dea-finally-caught-kermit-gosnell/275172/ https://www.aei.org/articles/kermit-gosnell-and-the-abortion-movements-dark-past/ https://whyy.org/articles/gosnell-pleads-guilty-to-12-counts-of-drug-distribution/ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pa-abortion-doctor-gets-30-years-in-prescription-drugs-case/ https://whyy.org/articles/kermit-gosnell-dies-philadelphia-doctor/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Gosnell#cite_note-abcJurors-22 https://www.publicsource.org/abortion-oversight-act-closing-some-facilities-in-pa/ https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41154527 https://atlas.phila.gov/3801%20LANCASTER%20AVE/zoning Movie- Gosnell: The Trial of America’s Biggest Serial Killer Book- Gosnell: The Untold Story of America’s Most Prolific Serial Killer
4 Jul 2026
Kermit Gosnell: The Abortion Killer
This was a doctor who appeared to many to be doing the right thing and serving the underserved in his community. In reality, he was taking advantage of anyone in his orbit and prioritizing profit over all else while seemingly taking joy in killing with impunity. Sources: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2395004 https://www.plannedparenthood.org/planned-parenthood-southeastern-pennsylvania/patients/pa-abortion-control-act https://cdn.cnsnews.com/documents/Gosnell,%20Grand%20Jury%20Report.pdf https://www.senatorgeneyaw.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/60/files/2014/03/hudson.pdf https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23004693 https://www.webmd.com/women/abortion-procedures https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/04/how-the-dea-finally-caught-kermit-gosnell/275172/ https://www.aei.org/articles/kermit-gosnell-and-the-abortion-movements-dark-past/ https://whyy.org/articles/gosnell-pleads-guilty-to-12-counts-of-drug-distribution/ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pa-abortion-doctor-gets-30-years-in-prescription-drugs-case/ https://whyy.org/articles/kermit-gosnell-dies-philadelphia-doctor/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Gosnell#cite_note-abcJurors-22 https://www.publicsource.org/abortion-oversight-act-closing-some-facilities-in-pa/ https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41154527 https://atlas.phila.gov/3801%20LANCASTER%20AVE/zoning Movie- Gosnell: The Trial of America’s Biggest Serial Killer Book- Gosnell: The Untold Story of America’s Most Prolific Serial Killer
27 Jun 2026
Kevorkian Sends Himself to Jail - Part 2
In explaining character stats, Matt Dinniman said that intelligence is walking out of the bar and recognizing that a police bike is parked there while wisdom is knowing not to piss on it. Kevorkian had a reasonable intelligence stat but very low wisdom. Listen in to hear how his undoing was pretty much entirely of his own making despite largely setting the stage for his stated goal of the legalization of euthanasia. Sources https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1115402/ https://bentley.umich.edu/news-events/magazine/the-life-of-dr-death/ https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/jack-kevorkian https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/chronology.html https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/aboutk/thanatronblurb.html https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/the-thanatron https://time.com/archive/6810129/medicine-blood-from-the-dead/ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/aboutk/drdeathchapters.html https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2011.596400#:~:text=Kevorkian%20put%20himself%20on%20the,(Nicol%20and%20Wylie%202006). https://www.biography.com/scientists/jack-kevorkian https://stfdocs.com/films/kevorkian/ https://www.patientsrightscouncil.org/site/kevorkian-victims/ https://compassionandchoices.org/states-where-medical-aid-in-dying-is-authorized/ https://www.famous-trials.com/drkevorkian/2430-the-trials-of-jack-kevorkian-1994-1999-an-account https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/interviews/galesummary.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia_device https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9270985/ https://www.pinterest.com/ideas/jack-kevorkian-art/932851838026/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiZKY6FSfwA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bR0cEOTpYSk
20 Jun 2026
Kevorkian and His Killing Hobby - Part 1
We all know the name Jack Kevorkian but many may not fully understand his story. To some, he was a doctor fighting for his patients' right to choose how they left this world. In secret, he had a fascination with death bordering on obsession. Part 1 of this 2 parter will explain exactly what we mean. Sources https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1115402/ https://bentley.umich.edu/news-events/magazine/the-life-of-dr-death/ https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/biography/jack-kevorkian https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/chronology.html https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/aboutk/thanatronblurb.html https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/the-thanatron https://time.com/archive/6810129/medicine-blood-from-the-dead/ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/aboutk/drdeathchapters.html https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2011.596400#:~:text=Kevorkian%20put%20himself%20on%20the,(Nicol%20and%20Wylie%202006). https://www.biography.com/scientists/jack-kevorkian https://stfdocs.com/films/kevorkian/ https://www.patientsrightscouncil.org/site/kevorkian-victims/ https://compassionandchoices.org/states-where-medical-aid-in-dying-is-authorized/ https://www.famous-trials.com/drkevorkian/2430-the-trials-of-jack-kevorkian-1994-1999-an-account https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/kevorkian/interviews/galesummary.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia_device https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9270985/ https://www.pinterest.com/ideas/jack-kevorkian-art/932851838026/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiZKY6FSfwA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bR0cEOTpYSk
23 May 2026
Spinal Fluid Draining and Corrupt Police at Sonoma State Hospital
Known at different times over the facility's 135 year run as the California Home for the Care and Training of Feeble Minded Children (1883), Sonoma State Home (1909), Sonoma State Hospital (1953), and Sonoma Developmental Center (1986), this facility has a dark history of abuse, selfish experimentation, and corruption. Even worse, although overcrowded, there were more staff members than many institutions had yet this one seemingly willfully chose to be absolutely horrible. Join us to find out exactly what was going on, and why the doctors wanted kids' spinal fluid!
16 May 2026
The Hidden Neglect of Willowbrook
How does a state funded school become a dark hiding place for society to store its differently abled with no classes, no care, and no hope? Join us as we discuss one of the most disgusting institutions in American history made famous by Geraldo Rivera's investigative piece Willowbrook: The Last Great Disgrace. Spoiler: State funded institutions usually go bad because of state funding. Sources used: https://criticaldebateshsgj.scholasticahq.com/article/141852-willowbrook-state-school-institutional-abuse-medical-ethics-and-the-rise-of-disability-rights-in-the-united-states https://kidstogether.org/institution-horrors-willowbrook/ https://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialSciences/ppecorino/MEDICAL_ETHICS_TEXT/Chapter_7_Human_Experimentation/Case_Study_Willowbrook_Experiments.htm https://research.uams.edu/irb/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2023/01/Willowbrook-study-summary.pdf https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7335725/ https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-b/symptoms-causes/syc-20366802 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Krugman#:~:text=4%20References-,Early%20life,University%20of%20Richmond%20in%201934.&text=He%20did%20his%20undergraduate%20work,(7706)%3A966%2D7.&text=Richmond%20in%201934.-,Education%20and%20career,New%20York%20University%20(NYU). https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/90/1/iv/57690/INTRODUCTION?autologincheck=redirected
9 May 2026
Abuse and Exploitation at Walter E Fernald State School
This institution had an incredibly long run and made a lot of people who needed help very miserable. This facility which began as a place to care for those in need eventually became a prison and a hunting ground for the predators who drew a paycheck and those who became their preferred henchmen. Join us as we delve as deeply as we can handle into such a dark topic. Sources referenced: https://neurologytoday.aan.com/doi/10.1212/00132985-200412000-00017 chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.city.waltham.ma.us/sites/g/files/vyhlif12301/f/file/file/fernald_center_history.pdf https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130086?seq=1 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/spoonful-sugar-helps-radioactive-oatmeal-go-down-180962424/ https://news.mit.edu/1994/fernald-0511 https://www.wgbh.org/news/local/2025-05-21/shocking-report-spotlights-mass-history-of-mistreating-disabled-people https://www.cbsnews.com/news/americas-deep-dark-secret/ https://www.amazon.com/State-Boys-Rebellion-Michael-DAntonio/dp/074324513X Book: The State Boys Rebellion by Michael D’Antonio https://below-the-surface.github.io/main.html https://fernaldstateschool.com/buildings- to see the list and pictures of the buildings on the campus https://newlearningonline.com/new-learning/chapter-6/supporting-material/goddard-on-iq https://www.verywellmind.com/history-of-intelligence-testing-2795581 https://faculty.uml.edu/darcus/47.269/MATERIALS/fernale_globe1993.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20first%20battery%20of,harm%20blood%20and%20the%20spleen. https://news.mit.edu/1994/concern-0112#:~:text=A%20third%20calcium%20study%2C%20also,0.75%20microcuries)%20of%20radioactive%20calcium) https://archive.org/stream/humanradiationex00unit/humanradiationex00unit_djvu.txt
2 May 2026
Dementors in Scrubs: Fairview Training Center
If there was an award for the most misleadingly named institution in American history, the Fairview Training Center would be hard to beat. Originally pitched as a school for vulnerable youth with mental and developmental disabilities, the only thing Fairview actually trained people in was survival. It rapidly devolved from a place of learning into a state-funded child prison. The vulnerable kids became inmates, and the staff exploited their labor and took joy in their torment. Its like a mirror universe Hogwarts with Dementors instead of caretakers and the parents had to PAY to get their children out! Sources, as usual: https://www.opb.org/article/2020/11/16/oregon-history-in-the-shadow-of-fairview-documentary/ https://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels2/pdf/00s/08/08-Fairview_Report.pdf https://www.wral.com/story/salem-cold-case-solved-decades-after-teen-found-murdered/17089079/
25 Apr 2026
The Location Every Ghost Show Goes To - Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum
The asylums we have discussed so far still exist in some way or another until now. Trans-Allegheny shut down in 1994 with no new location and no new name changes. It was just gone. Now it is probably the most famous location for ghost hunting and has been featured on every ghost show and YouTube channel we can think of. So what is the truth and what actually went on there? Join us to find out! Sources used: https://www.proquest.com/openview/4bf0e15889d8c331a931319ade6ab38f/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=58721 https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060747 https://www.wboy.com/only-on-wboy-com/history-over-horror-what-life-was-really-like-inside-the-trans-allegheny-lunatic-asylum/
18 Apr 2026
Internal Organ Minimalism at New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum
New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, formerly known as New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton and currently known as Trenton Psychiatric Hospital, is still in operation today and was an early asylum founded by Dorothea Dix herself. Don't let that give you hope, though, because one Henry Cotton got control everything changed. Join us as Kim describes the unique medical treatment that started there and eventually spread to other facilities all around the world only for its popularity to come crashing back down! Sources: https://www.worldabandoned.com/trenton-psychiatric-hospital https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/surgery-for-the-treatment-of-psychiatric-illness-the-need-to-test-untested-theories/ https://the-line-up.com/trenton-psychiatric-hospital https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/ajp.156.12.1982 https://www.princeton.edu/~paw/archive_new/PAW04-05/14-0511/features1.html https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/abs/madhouse-a-tragic-tale-of-megalomania-and-modern-medicine-by-andrew-scull/B0FE6793396334945D76D826DCC2A16E https://www.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/ajp.156.12.1982#:~:text=Over%20the%20years%2C%20new%20treatments,in%201947%20psychosurgery%20became%20available
11 Apr 2026
Eugenics and Murder at Western State Hospital
This time we are talking about some of the bizarre things that happened at Western State Hospital in Virginia. From mysterious deaths and political intrigue to an early US Eugenics movement, Western State has been through quite a bit and is still around in a new form today. Join us to find out what happened and to hear a married couple bicker - the most true love language! Sources used are below: https://scuablog.lib.vt.edu/2019/04/26/the-western-lunatic-asylum/ https://dbhds.virginia.gov/facilities/wsh/wsh-history/ https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/entries/1106#:~:text=The%20Weston%20State%20Hospital%20housed,the%20Trans%2DAllegheny%20Lunatic%20Asylum. https://kids.kiddle.co/Western_State_Hospital_(Staunton,_Virginia) https://anneswardson.com/the-dead-no-one-wanted-to-remember/ https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/132-0009/ https://uncommonwealth.lva.virginia.gov/blog/2014/11/19/the-asylum-poisonings-death-politics-and-low-cussedness-in-staunton/ https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/dejarnette-joseph-s-1866-1957/ https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/eugenic-sterilization-in-virginia/ https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=master201019
4 Apr 2026
The Tragedy of Byberry Asylum
Byberry Asylum, otherwise known as The Philadelphia State Hospital at Byberry, was established in 1907 with the best of intentions. Originally intended as a working farm for the mentally ill but eventually became the largest mental hospital in Pennsylvania before finally being shut down in 1990 after the horrific conditions inside because too much for the outside world to ignore. Join us as Kim tells us about the history of Byberry and why a celebration was held when the campus was completely demolished in 2006. All sources can be found below: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=fUiMt7yaZV0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA6&dq=byberry+mental+hospital&ots=GIL8vCdOai&sig=DFYif1Exp0aOuQbnLYO_Wcr8GNs#v=onepage&q=byberry%20mental%20hospital&f=false https://www.google.com/books/edition/Byberry_State_Hospital/fUiMt7yaZV0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=byberry+state+hospital&printsec=frontcover https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/byberry-philadelphia-state-hospital/ https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/best-intentions-byberry-asylum https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/nurses-institutions-caring/history-of-psychiatric-hospitals/ https://harrisburghistorical.org/items/show/27 https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/06/28/byberry-mental-institution-survivors/ https://homeplatedontmove.com/2025/09/22/the-horror-and-tragedy-of-byberry-hospital/ https://allthatsinteresting.com/insane-asylums/4#:~:text=Medical%20procedures%20were%20commonly%20done,past%20patients%20are%20still%20remembered. https://mn.gov/mnddc/parallels2/prologue/6a-bedlam/bedlam-life1946.pdf
29 Mar 2026
The Lore Behind The Treatments
In this first episode of Questionable Treatments we are exploring the history of insane asylums from their origin tied to medieval Almshouses all the way up to what we know from modern horror movies and ghost hunting shows. We will also be digging into the history of Insulin Shock Therapy, Electroshock Therapy, and the Lobotomy. All sources referenced can be found below: https://www.almshouses.org/history-of-almshouses/ https://lambournalmshouses.org/the-history-of-englands-almshouses-from-medieval-origins-to-the-present/ https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/issues/poor-relief-almshouse/ https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/almshouses-poorhouses/ https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1470530/ https://trans-alleghenylunaticasylum.com/the-kirkbride-plan/?srsltid=AfmBOoriz56wKeHp3lA7UcRQf7Z0tAu6DID-0LSftP5EndmAw7wlF37_ https://www.mymichigan.org/about/news/healthdoseblog/the-history-of-mental-health-treatment/ https://www.cerebromente.org.br/n04/historia/sakel_i.htm https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/dr-manfred-j-sakel-discoverer-of-insulin-shock-therapy-psychiatry-in-history/A7E933069C3B8206F78F8C316A785AAE https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4291941/ https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1949/moniz/biographical/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Walter-Jackson-Freeman-II https://www.samhs.org.au/Virtual%20Museum/Medicine/drugs_nonsurg/ect/ect.html#:~:text=The%20heading%20of%20Dr.Birch's,ECT%20machine%20of%20Dr%20Birch https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co531731/electroconvulsive-therapy-machine https://litfl.com/history-of-ect/#:~:text=His%20lecture%20outlined%20extensive%20preclinical,and%20seizure%20classification%20(complete%20vs. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11205978/ https://www.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/ajp.156.4.630 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8720400/ https://www.nurokor.com/blog/history-of-bioelectronic-medicine https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.116.12.1112-2?download=true https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2020.160103 Youtube videos Convulsive therapy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myvMJxJa-Ts&list=PLCqWucufhQaHOe0b_dcvB4ZKYn-MygTIY&index=2 Shock therapy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBuwTpb8wZ8&list=PLCqWucufhQaHOe0b_dcvB4ZKYn-MygTIY Prefrontal Lobotomy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjPwETslJyc&t=347s
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