Renewed Religious Struggle
1. How did religious conflict in Europe evolve over the course of the second half of the sixteenth century?
The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
2. What caused the civil war between the Huguenots and the Catholics in France, and what was the outcome?
3. How did politics shape the religious positions of the French leaders? What led to the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, and what did it achieve?
Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556-1598)
4. How was Philip II able to dominate international politics for much of the latter half of the sixteenth century?
5. What were Philip II successes and failures?
England and Spain (1553-1603)
6. What role did Catholic and Protestant extremism play in the struggle for supremacy between England and Spain?
7. What led to the establishment of the Anglican Church in England? Why did Mary I fail? What was Elizabeth I’s settlement, and why was it difficult to impose on England? Who were Elizabeth I’s detractors, and what were their criticisms?
The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
8. What toll did the Thirty Years’ War take on Germany?
9. Why was the Thirty Years’ War fought? Was politics or religion more important in determining the outcome of the war? What were the main terms of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648?
10. Why has the Thirty Years’ War been called the outstanding example in European history of meaningless conflict? Is this true? Were the results worth the cost of the war?
General
11. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange were all politiques. What does that term mean, and why does it apply to these three rulers?
29 Jun 2020
AP European History - The Reformation and the Catholic Response
Major Questions:
3.1 Society and Religion
1. What was the social and religious background of the Reformation?
2. What problems in the church contributed to the Protestant Reformation? Why was the church unable to suppress dissent as it had earlier?
3.2 Martin Luther and German Reformation to 1525
3. Why did Martin Luther challenge the church?
3.3 The Reformation Elsewhere
4. Where did other reform movements develop, and how were they different from Luther’s?
5. What were the basic similarities and differences between the ideas of Luther and Zwingli? Between Luther and Calvin? How did the differences tent to affect the success of the Protestant movement?
3.4 Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
6. What were the political ramifications of the Reformation?
7. Why did the Reformation begin in Germany? What political factors contributed to its success there as opposed to in France, Spain, or Italy?
3.5 The English Reformation to 1553
8. How did royal dynastic concerns shape the Reformation in England?
9. Why did Henry VIII break with Rome? Was the “new” church he established really Protestant? How did the English church change under his successors?
3.6 Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
10. What was the Counter-Reformation, and how successful was it?
11. What reforms did the Council of Trent introduce? Was the Protestant Reformation healthy for the Catholic Church?
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