Your chronological crash course: learn all of human history, in order, in just one day.
World History 24
Claim This Podcastby Ellie and Charlie Koczela
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12 episodes
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Your chronological crash course: learn all of human history, in order, in just one day.
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🇺🇲
Publishing Since
1/6/2024
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Recent Episodes
May 8, 2025
Hour 9 | 100 BCE - 100 CE
<p>During these years, the Trung sisters in Nam-Viet lead a rebellion against the Han Chinese. Rome turns from a republic to an empire and continues its relentless expansion. We discuss Ptolemaic Egypt, the destruction of Jerusalem, and Queen Boudicca in Britain. The Romans are stopped eventually at the border of Kush by a queen nicknamed, “the one-eyed Kandake.” We discuss the story of Jesus and end the episode, and season 2, with the Nasca culture in Peru.</p><p>. </p><p><a href="https://www.worldhistory24.com/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">worldhistory24.com</a> |<a href="https://www.worldhistory24.com/googleearth" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer"> google earth (ep 9)</a> |<a href="https://www.worldhistory24.com/support" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer"> support</a></p><p>.</p><p><strong>Note: </strong>The links below are not our official sources. These pictures, maps, encyclopedia entries, etc are to peruse for more depth. Visit our site for official sources. </p><p>.</p><p><strong>Kingdom of Nam-Viet and Trung Sisters </strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/47/89947-004-9FF6E5D0.gif" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Yangtze River</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258827995/figure/fig1/AS:297351836127232@1447905610407/Map-of-Vietnam-indicating-the-sampled-villages-in-the-Red-River-Delta-R1-Tu-Liem-R2.png" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Red River Delta</a>.</li><li>People are bringing back the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-021-3280-9" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">practice of teeth blackening</a>.</li><li>Famous <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/sword-of-goujian" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Yue sword</a>.</li><li>Reminder of <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Qin_Dynasty/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Qin Dynasty</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhao-Tuo" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Zhao Tuo</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.worldhistorymaps.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/nan-yue_200bc.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Kingdom of Nam Viet or Nan-Yue</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wudi-emperor-of-Han-dynasty" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Han Emperor Wudi</a>. </li><li>The Trung sisters remained an <a href="https://www.girlmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Trung-Sisters-1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">important symbol</a> of resistance. </li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong>Roman Republic into Roman Empire </strong></p><ul><li>Scroll through the years on <a href="http://histoatlas.org/histoAtlasMapbox.html?mapId=38" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">this tool</a> see the boundaries the Roman Empire expand.</li><li><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/871/the-spartacus-revolt/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">The Spartacus Revolt</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Julias Cesar</a> declares himself dictator for life and is <a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/ides.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">assassinated on the March 15</a>. </li><li>Book after book has been written about Octavian/Augustus, we give him about three sentences. Here are <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustus-Roman-emperor" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">a couple more of the very basics</a>. </li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong>Ptolemaic Egypt and Cleopatra </strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Hellenistic_Period/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Hellenistic period</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-dynasties-of-ancient-Egypt" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Dynasties of Ancient Egypt.</a></li><li>Good luck following the incestuous <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15205/family-tree-of-the-ptolemaic-dynasty-of-egypt-305/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">family tree</a> of the Ptolemaic royal family. </li><li><a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4436642" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Ptolemies presented themselves as living gods</a>. </li><li>Cool article about the archeology of the <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/raising-alexandria-151005550/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">City of Alexandria</a>.</li><li>Map reminder of where <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/12990.png" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Memphis and Alexandria</a>. </li><li>The <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/lighthouse-of-Alexandria" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a> was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. </li><li>Library of Alexandria. I really recommend listening to <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/in-our-time/id73330895?i=1000623288382" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">this podcast</a>. Three scholars chat about the library!</li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Septuagint" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Septuagint</a>. </li><li>In the modern world we mostly only care about Cleopatra the Seventh but the whole line is fascinating. I highly recommend <a href="https://bookshop.org/a/112592/9781541602922" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">this book</a>! (Here is an <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-ancients/id1520403988?i=1000655187099" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">interview with the author</a> if that more manageable). </li><li>Story of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Cleopatra</a>. Or listen to the <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-history-chicks-a-womens-history-podcast/id415983183?i=1000359105275" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">History Chicks</a> chat about her!</li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mark-Antony-Roman-triumvir" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Mark Antony</a>. </li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong>Kush and Queen Amanirenas </strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/66/184666-050-325E348F/region-Nubia.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">First Cataract</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.girlmuseum.org/encyclopedia/amanirenas/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">One eyed Kandace</a>. </li><li>In 1910 a British archeologist found the <a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1911-0901-1" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Meroë Head</a> under the steps of the temple. </li><li>Depiction of<a href="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/o6tb8qnjxZ1co4fvPHJQiyv1ANgJW5N6cA4J5d58bpm4PTdTWm88e6PnrvQdKQeCPezhWy8yB-XfTuM7JeisNHoH4AYW8sB9uy64hqVY0ziGToYEJAs32d4D7Kn6ZzE" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer"> Queen Amanirenas</a>. </li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong>Judea </strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/ce-bce-what-do-they-mean.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Explanation of BCE and CE or BC and AD.</a> No year zero!</li><li>King Herod the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-king-of-Judaea" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">First</a> and the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herod-Agrippa-II" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Second</a> are important players in the turmoil of Judea. </li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong>Jesus and Christianity </strong></p><ul><li>A <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zvxtgwx/revision/1" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">summary of the Christmas story </a>in the Gospels. </li><li>The <a href="https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/new-covenant" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">New Covenant</a>.</li><li>The story of <a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Matthew-Chapter-3/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Jesus’s baptism</a>. The last line of which is, “This is my beloved son, in whom I am well pleased.”</li><li>The Parable of the Sower in <a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Mark-Chapter-4/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Mark</a>, <a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Matthew-Chapter-13/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Mathew</a>, or <a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Luke-Chapter-8/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Luke</a>. </li><li>The <a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Luke-Chapter-15/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Parable of the Prodigal Son</a>. </li><li>The <a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Luke-10-2/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Parable of the Good Samaritan</a>. </li><li>Jesus says what every harm or help you give to the <a href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Matthew-Chapter-25/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">least of these</a>, you give to him. </li><li><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%2013%3A34-35&version=NIV" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Love one another and love god</a>. </li><li><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg/960px-The_Last_Supper_-_Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_High_Resolution_32x16.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Last supper.</a> </li><li><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2026%3A47-56%2CMark%2014%3A43-50%2CJohn%2018%3A3-12&version=HCSB" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Jesus is betrayed with a kiss</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/crucifixion/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Crucifixion</a>.</li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong>Fall of Jerusalem and the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora </strong></p><ul><li><ul><li><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Zealots/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Zealots</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1993/the-siege-of-jerusalem-in-70-ce/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Fall of Jerusalem</a>.</li><li>The fall of Jerusalem led to the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jewish-Diaspora" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Jewish Diaspora</a>. </li></ul></li></ul><p><br></p><p><a href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/encyclopaedia_romana/britannia/boudica/boudicanrevolt.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer"><strong>Boudicca</strong></a><strong> in Roman Britannia</strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/romans/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Roman Britain</a>.</li><li>Roman <a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/who-was-nero" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Emperor Nero</a>.</li><li>Roman historian <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tacitus-Roman-historian/The-Histories-and-the-Annals" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Tacitus</a>.</li><li><a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/classics/warwickclassicsnetwork/romancoventry/resources/boudica/sources/tacitus/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Revolt of Boudica according to Tacitus</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iceni" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Iceni people</a>.</li><li>Summary of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Watling-Street" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Battle of Watling Street</a>. Or listen to a historian chat about it on this <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/historys-greatest-battles/id1794311126?i=1000688905023" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">podcast interview</a>. </li></ul><p><br></p><p><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Nazca_Civilization/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer"><strong>Nasca</strong></a> </p><ul><li><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Cahuachi/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Cahuachi</a>.</li><li><a href="https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/316270/2078694/main-image" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Corn</a> was important to the Nasca. </li><li>Highly recommend looking at all the <a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=nasca" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">pictures of Nasca pots and textiles</a> from the Met. </li><li>The figures and motifs of the Nasca lines are also found repeated on pottery or woven into textiles. <a href="https://d1lfxha3ugu3d4.cloudfront.net/images/opencollection/objects/size4/CUR.86.224.8_view1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Monkey</a>, <a href="https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/308580/671043/main-image" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">killer whale</a>, <a href="https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/316886/670953/main-image" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">bird</a>, <a href="https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/315695/651353/main-image" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">people</a>. </li><li><a href="https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/310563/666958/main-image" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Nasca ceramic drum</a>. </li><li>Ceramic Nasca Antaras or panpipes: <a href="https://image.invaluable.com/housePhotos/artemisgallery/87/746887/H4404-L330479864.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://www.museolarco.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/v115-ML040216-y-ML040217_CX1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://media.britishmuseum.org/media/Repository/Documents/2021_5/25_10/0982feb3_bd68_49f6_b280_ad3300aedefa/mid_ESA22184.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szs7Dw_5qBg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Video</a> of Esteban Valdivia playing Nasca Antara, this is the audio we used in the episode</li><li>Anthropomorphic Mythical Being: <a href="https://imgsrv.brooklynmuseum.org/collections/objects/86.224.15_side2_PS9.jpg?aspect_ratio=2:1" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://cdn2.picryl.com/photo/2017/05/27/bowl-with-mythical-being-holding-a-trophy-head-nasca-peru-south-coast-early-67bb9d-640.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collectio
May 1, 2025
Hour 8 | 300 - 100 BCE
<p>In India, Ashoka the Great commissions the oldest written evidence of Buddhism. In China, the Qin dynasty begins to piece together the Great Wall. In Rome, the Republic is rising to power. And in Carthage, a famous general sets out plans to sneak attack Rome from the north. </p><p><strong>. </strong></p><p><a href="https://www.worldhistory24.com/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">worldhistory24.com</a> |<a href="https://www.worldhistory24.com/googleearth" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer"> google earth (ep 8)</a> |<a href="https://www.worldhistory24.com/support" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer"> support</a> </p><p>. </p><p><strong>Note: </strong>The links below are not our official sources. These pictures, maps, encyclopedia entries, etc are to peruse for more depth. Visit our site for official sources. </p><p>. </p><p><strong>Mauryan Dynasty in India </strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ashoka_the_Great/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Ashoka the Great</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Mauryan_Empire/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Mauryan Empire</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Chandragupta_Maurya/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Chandragupta Maurya</a>. </li><li>Capital city at <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHK6mvQmNyv-DW5ebibBvh1_vN17-b_J7b0itcGeRyKgVZ-r4Ya6ntwrJpk0Vkmxhdd4y8yff1DSRsbcG_us28Zmq9t424MOqow-Ie7WD4JbOmF2fpnoe5nR6OKOTkewEHCvsSN0pKGN2l/s1600/paliputra.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Pataliputra</a>.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Edicts_of_Ashoka/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Edicts</a> of Ashoka. <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/50/74050-050-B9CE6B5C/pillar-state-Lauriya-Nandangarh-Bihar-India.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Example</a>, <a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ9XBoAz7GAVIw7MGq8j01nDHZY8lLAfCglSA&s" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://alchetron.com/cdn/edicts-of-ashoka-e7ab8507-533a-461c-ba44-414af2d5adb-resize-750.jpeg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@ilovelanguages0124" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Great explanation of Prakrit</a>— the language of the edicts.</li><li>Spread of <a href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/budd-10.png" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Buddhism throughout the world today</a>. </li><li>India is <a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/09/21/key-findings-about-the-religious-composition-of-india/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">less than one percent</a> Buddhist today. </li><li>You can flip through <a href="https://faculty.uml.edu/ethan_spanier/teaching/documents/cp6.0assyriantorture.pdf" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">this paper</a> to read examples of violent Assyrian inscriptions. For example, “I cut their throats like lambs. I cut off their precious lives (as one cuts) a string. Like the many waters of a storm, I made (the contents of) their gullets and entrails run down upon the wide earth.” </li></ul><p><br /></p><p><strong>Qin Dynasty</strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Warring-States" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Warring States</a> Period. </li><li>Contention of the <a href="https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Hundred Schools of Thought</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Qin-Shi-Huang" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Qin Shi Huang</a> name.</li><li><a href="http://english.cssn.cn/skw_culture/202308/t20230801_5676387.shtml" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Unification of China</a>.</li><li>Standardized <a href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S2352409X20305708-gr2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">round coins with a square in the center</a> were made using a <a href="https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/640817/1670877/restricted" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">mold</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages/Qin-dynasty-standardization" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Summary of the standardization of Chinese writing.</a></li><li>The <a href="https://www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/history/qi-state-wall.htm" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Qin Great Wall</a> is the unification of <a href="https://arkeonews.net/new-evidence-pushes-the-origins-of-the-great-wall-back-by-300-years/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">many older shorter walls</a>. The oldest wall (probably) is the <a href="https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/NGH0XbLqUxpQoi3wsD6ZqFgydP4=/2000x1500/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag-media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer_public/27/3b/273bc24a-ed4e-48d9-8dcd-8d2ddb77f48a/gettyimages-1181496162.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Qi Wall</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.chinadiscovery.com/great-wall/facts/who-built-great-wal.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Forced labor</a> along the Wall. </li><li>Great <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-ancients/id1520403988?i=1000649739112" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">interview</a> with William Lindesay and runner, historian and author who is known for his work on the conservation of the Great Wall. </li><li>There are many variations on the story of Lady Meng Jiang <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wb0UgdRFj2A" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://martinifisher.com/2020/03/27/the-bitter-tears-of-lady-meng-jiang/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://www.visitourchina.com/special/china-great-wall/stories-and-legends.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-02-12/A-grief-stricken-wife-whose-bitter-weeping-brought-down-the-Great-Wall-1hmABtqrnpK/index.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>. </li><li>Summary of <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-legalism/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Legalism</a>. </li><li>Brief <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-book-burning-printing-press-internet-archives-180964697/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">history of burning books</a>. </li><li>The mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is a <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/441/#:~:text=Located%20at%20the%20northern%20foot,during%20the%203rd%20century%20BCE" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Unesco World Heritage Site</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-you-need-know-about-chinas-terra-cotta-warriors-first-qin-emperor-30942673/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Terracotta Warriors</a>.</li><li>Each terracotta warrior has a unique face. <a href="https://smarthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/four-faces-soldiers-copy.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Example,</a> <a href="https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/ca0f2899ac3631f2998cd229cbafd487106fa451-720x533.jpg?w=3840&q=75&fit=clip&auto=format" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSfrGnyYqsZHCOmh572NfAln3Aj4gMQh6axxA&s" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://smarthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/MET-kneeling-archer-combined.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>.</li></ul><p><br /></p><p><strong>Rome</strong></p><ul><li>Story of <a href="https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/myth-romulus-and-remus" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Romulus and Remus</a>. </li><li>Romulus and Remus in art, <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/55/188255-050-C382C9EB/founders-Romulus-and-Remus-Rome-wolf-foster.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://art.nelson-atkins.org/internal/media/dispatcher/26936/preview;jsessionid=DAE512714904C2D9DB82DB9984BB6B98" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mignard_-_The_Shepherd_Faustulus_Bringing_Romulus_and_Remus_to_His_Wife.jpg/500px-Mignard_-_The_Shepherd_Faustulus_Bringing_Romulus_and_Remus_to_His_Wife.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>.</li><li>Rome also developed an origin story connecting them to Greece as the descendants of <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Aeneas/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Aeneas</a>. </li><li>The Battle of <a href="https://corvinus.nl/2021/12/20/the-early-republic-the-conquest-of-veii-and-the-sack-of-rome-ca-400-386-bce/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Veii</a>. </li><li>City <a href="https://www.turismoroma.it/en/places/aurelian-walls" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">walls</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/exhibitions/nero-man-behind-myth/slavery-ancient-rome" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Slavery in ancient Rome</a>.</li><li>The Roman government was run by two <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/consul-ancient-Roman-official" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">consuls</a>. </li><li>In a time of crisis a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-dictator" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">temporary dictator </a>could be appointed.</li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/patrician" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Patricians</a> and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/plebeian" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">plebeians</a>.</li><li>Roman <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/859/roman-citizenship/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">citizenship</a>.</li><li>Explanation of the <a href="https://www.historyskills.com/classroom/ancient-history/grain-dole/?srsltid=AfmBOopIGnYCGQSmO-hAUR0J0gkrg32gR6YIO0OgZrkFhCs3GKGFwv3F" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Roman Grain Dole</a>. </li></ul><p><br /></p><p><strong>Carthage - Hannibal</strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2RW37DK/strait-of-sicily-political-map-also-known-as-sicilian-channel-a-strait-located-in-the-mediterranean-sea-between-tunisia-and-sicily-italy-2RW37DK.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Geography of Tunisia and Sicily</a> or the Straight of Sicily.</li><li>It was the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Phoenicia" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Phoenicians </a>who first settled Carthage.</li><li>Remnants of the <a href="https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2ND8XY1/building-remains-at-the-byrsa-quarter-of-ancient-carthage-in-tunisia-2ND8XY1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">city walls</a>.</li><li><a href="https://imperiumromanum.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/197f7563de2ada452cb9646326c9cb18-1086x270.jpg.webp" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Artist rendition of the harbor at Carthage</a>. Another example <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/5191.jpg.webp?v=1623718803" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">here</a>. </li><li>You can see remnants of it in <a href="https://imperiumromanum.pl/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/800px-Carthage-1958-PortsPuniques-400x400.jpg.webp" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">this picture from 1958</a>.</li><li>Description of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">“booms” or chains</a> strung across waterways as a defense strategy. </li><li><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01283-w" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">New study</a> looking at the genetics of the Carthaginians.</li><li><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Carthaginian_Government/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Government structure </a>of Carthage. </li><li>Carthaginians were known for their ability to sail. They likely sailed to the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hanno-Carthaginian-explorer" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Niger River Delta</a> and <a href="https://phoenicianshipmuseum.com/sailing-around-africa/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">possibly all the way around Africa</a>. </li><li><a href="https://naval-encyclopedia.com/antique-ships/carthaginian-ships/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Carthaginian war ship</a>.</li><li>Summary of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Punic-Wars" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Punic Wars</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-hannibal-crossed-the-alps-180963671/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Where was Hannibal’s route across the Alps</a>? </li><li>A great set of <a href="https://acoup.blog/2019/07/26/collections-war-elephants-part-i-battle-pachyderms/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">blog posts all about war elephants</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cannae" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Battle of Cannae</a>.</li><li>Illustration of Hannibal’s route in the <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/5176/campaigns-of-the-second-punic-war/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Second Punic War</a>.</li><li>Summary of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Carthage-146-BCE" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Fall of Carthage</a>.</li><li>Quote from <a href="https://uh.edu/~cldue/texts/iliad.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Hector’s wife in the Iliad</a>. (Book 4,164–5). </li></ul>
April 24, 2025
Hour 7 | 480 - 300 BCE
<p>The Hebrew Bible is composed during the Second Temple Period in Israel. In Nigeria, we visit a major civilization known as the Nok, whose history is baked into terracotta. Then in North America the Adena and Hopewell cultures are building earthen-mounds. In the Mediterranean, The Classical Age of Greece is underway. And finally, the story of Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic World he began.</p><p>.</p><p><a href="https://www.worldhistory24.com/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">worldhistory24.com</a> | <a href="https://www.worldhistory24.com/googleearth" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">google earth (ep 7)</a> | <a href="https://www.worldhistory24.com/support" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">support</a> </p><p>.</p><p><strong>Note: </strong><strong> </strong>Visit our site if you're after official episode sources. Links below are to peruse and to compliment the episode for more depth. </p><p>.</p><p><strong>Second Temple Period · Writing of the Bible</strong></p><ul><li>Listen to the prologue to the Canterbury Tales <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVG77xTPH6E" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">here</a>. It is recognizable as English but only just. </li><li>Many stories in the Bible are familiar, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Garden-of-Eden" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Eden</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-biblical-figure" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Joseph</a>, <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%205%3A32-10%3A1&version=NIV" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Noah’s Arc</a>.</li><li>The oldest parts of the Bible are the <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Judges%205&version=NKJV" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Song of Deborah</a> and the <a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2015&version=KJV" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Song of the Sea</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2020&version=NIV" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Ten Commandments</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Isaac</a> and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ishmael-son-of-Abraham" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Ishmael</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Abrahamic-religions" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Abrahamic religions</a>.</li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong>The </strong><a href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/nok-culture/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer"><strong>Nok</strong></a> </p><ul><li>Another <a href="https://newafricanmagazine.com/4093/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">description of the Nok</a> with great pictures.</li><li><a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/nok-terracottas-500-b-c-200-a-d" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Description of the Nok Terracotta from the Met</a>. First wide spread statuary in west Africa.</li><li>Nok animal statuary: <a href="https://artlogic-res.cloudinary.com/w_1600,h_1600,c_limit,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto/artlogicstorage/barakatgallery/images/view/1dc89599264211a4dddcb45bd77d19c1j/barakatgallery-nok-terracotta-animal-head-500-bce-200-ce.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Example</a>, <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/A_man_ride_a_horse%2CNok_terracotta_figurine.jpg/200px-A_man_ride_a_horse%2CNok_terracotta_figurine.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>. </li><li>Nok sculptures of people - See the classic posture and the perforated eyes: <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/10320.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Example</a>, <a href="https://www.mrdowling.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/nok_figurine.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>,<a href="https://res.cloudinary.com/jerrick/image/upload/d_642250b563292b35f27461a7.png,f_jpg,fl_progressive,q_auto,w_1024/64bd1cef254580001d10b948.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer"> example</a>.</li><li>Clay is microscopic bits of <a href="https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/5-2-chemical-weathering/#:~:text=In%20some%20types%20of%20chemical,their%20components%20go%20into%20solution" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">weathered feldspar</a>.</li><li>Under a electron microscope clay particles looks like <a href="https://static.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/images/000/002/203/embed/Kaolinite-crystals20161020-31382-1bbg091.png?1674167813" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">stacks of pancakes</a>. </li><li><a href="https://archive.archaeology.org/1107/features/nok_nigeria_africa_terracotta.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">One of the articles</a> that references the teaspoon of soil on the Niger vs. ton of soil on the Nile quote.</li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong>Woodland Period in North America</strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://www.nwf.org/-/media/NEW-WEBSITE/Shared-Folder/Magazines/2024/Spring/OHIORIVER-Map-SPRING24-460x452.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Ohio River Basin map</a>, seasonal living. homes of bent samplings. Caves in the region. diet. earliest domesticates. distinction is fake news. </li><li>Mound - <a href="https://static.wixstatic.com/media/7541ce_3cdab2112f224af8af53e7350b2cc4c2~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_568,h_386,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_avif,quality_auto/7541ce_3cdab2112f224af8af53e7350b2cc4c2~mv2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Example</a>, <a href="https://i0.wp.com/4.bp.blogspot.com/-3XxDBtRz7Cc/WTRU6QjbKeI/AAAAAAAAxwc/8QdNF2vMW7wWV4Io91cScVYQlsLItJvyACKgB/s1600/DSC_0338.JPG?ssl=1" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://leonidemartin.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/hopewell-ceremonial-earthworks_world-heritage-ohio.jpg?w=640" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://i.natgeofe.com/n/032cacda-3121-453b-876d-b8a0cef9b406/93B83707-1DD8-B71B-0B969CFB32B0B675Original.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://earthworks.osu.edu/sites/default/files/styles/widescreen_large/public/media/image/2024/06/fb_octagon.jpg?itok=sbhhjszS" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>. </li><li>The grave goods of the Adena and Hopewell include <a href="https://www.clevelandart.org/articles/centennial-loan-adena-pipe" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">pipes</a>, <a href="https://www.cincymuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Cincinnati_Tablet-1000px-1000x380.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">tablets</a>, <a href="https://66.media.tumblr.com/330fd6248f5d9539ef9d1c6c8b828590/tumblr_inline_oii8e6Nc7Y1tse332_540.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">copper</a>.</li><li>Reminder of <a href="https://www.povertypoint.us/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Poverty Point</a>. (Discussed in episode 3).</li><li><a href="https://hopewellearthworks.org/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Hopewell Earthworks</a>. <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1689" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Unesco site</a>.</li><li>Geometric mounds - <a href="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/04/13/arts/12mounds2/12mounds2-mediumSquareAt3X.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Example</a>, <a href="https://www.oldpostcards.com/media/uspostcards/ecom/prodlg/OH-X/oh_xx_07677.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>, <a href="https://npr.brightspotcdn.com/legacy/sites/wosu2/files/201904/newark_earthworks_cerhas_a.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">example</a>. </li><li>Many of the Hopewell earthworks align with the <a href="https://hopewellearthworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/octagon-dusk.jpeg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">rising and setting of the moon</a> at the solstices or equinoxes.</li><li>One set of mounds that has been used as a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/12/arts/design/octagon-earthworks-newark-ohio-golf-course-native-american.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">golf course</a> for 100 years. </li><li><a href="https://www.visithighlandcounty.com/my-assets/img/eat-shop-play/Serpent%20Mound.png" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Serpents Mound</a>. </li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong>Classical Period of Ancient Greece </strong><strong> </strong></p><ul><li>The <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Bronze_Age_Collapse/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Bronze Age Collapse</a>.</li><li>The <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Dark_Age/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Greek Dark Age</a>. </li><li>The Greek <a href="https://hellenism.net/greece/greek-mythology/greek-heroes/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Heroic Age</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42864071" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Are the tales of the Trojan War memories of the Bronze Age Collapse</a>? </li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greek-alphabet" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Greek Alphabet</a>.</li><li>Athens and Sparta fought a series of wars called the <a href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/peloponnesian-war/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Peloponnesian Wars</a> .</li><li>The <a href="https://www.olympics.com/ioc/ancient-olympic-games" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Olympics</a> was a way for Greek city-states to compete without all out war.</li><li><a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Athenian_Democracy/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Democracy in Athens</a>. </li><li><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/choice-of-slavery-institutions-in-ancient-greece-athenian-chattels-and-spartan-helots/DA904BD5451B7DD8741DBDDFA5BC7DFF" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Slavery in Athens and Sparta</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Parthenon" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">The Parthenon</a>.</li><li>Plato has his character of Socrates call the Greeks <a href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0170%3Atext%3DPhaedo%3Apage%3D109" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Ants or frogs around the pond</a>. </li><li><a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Plato</a>, <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Aristotle</a>, and <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socrates/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Socrates</a> are philosophizing. </li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Euripides" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Euripides</a>, <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/sophocles/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Sophocles</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristophanes" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Aristophanes</a>, and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aeschylus-Greek-dramatist" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Aeschylus</a>. Not to mention <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Homer-Greek-poet" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Homer</a> and <a href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/sappho" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Sappho</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleisthenes-of-Athens" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Cleisthenes of Athens</a>, <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/herodotus/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Herodotus</a>, <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pythagoras/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="https://sites.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/non_Euclid_Euclid/index.html" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Euclid</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0v86Yk14rf8" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Archimedes shouts Eureka</a>.</li><li><a href="https://www.whatitmeanstobeamerican.org/identities/why-do-so-many-public-buildings-in-the-u-s-look-like-greek-temples/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Why do so many public buildings in the US look like Greek Temples</a>?</li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvLUaXyeNVA" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Hadestown</a>, <a href="https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-song-of-achilles-madeline-miller/228865?ean=9780062060624&next=t" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Song of Achilles</a>, <a href="https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-lightning-thief-rick-riordan/17416447?ean=9781368051477&next=t" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Percy Jackson</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrIbxk7idYA" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">300</a>. </li></ul><p><br></p><p><strong> Alexander the Great</strong></p><ul><li><strong></strong><a href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/philip-ii-macedon/" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">Phillip the Second</a>. </li><li>A picture of the <a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/54/64954-050-B51B177D/Alexander-the-Great-conquests-rule-menace-culture.jpg" target="_blank" rel="ugc noopener noreferrer">borders of Alexander’s empire</a>. </li></ul>
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