Carol Tips

About Carol Tips

Grammar and Vocabulary Tips to help you improve your English skills!

Publisher

Carol Pinho

Category

education

Language

en

Explicit

No

First episode

19 Jan 2021

Latest episode

24 Feb 2022

Latest episodes

11 episodes in the feed.

1. 

   24 Feb 2022

   SIMPLE PRESENT

   TAPESCRIPT: Hello everyone! This is Teacher Carol Pinho and this is our new episode of Carol Tips! Today, we will talk about Simple Present So, let’s get started Simple Present is used to talk about routines, facts, likes, dislikes and general truths: Regarding structure, we divide the subjects into two groups: Group 1 = I, you, we and they Group 2 = he, she and it (or the third person singular) In affirmative sentences, the verbs are normal for the first group, like: We study at the same school They live in London I have two kids For Group 2, we must add S to the end of the verbs in affirmative sentences. In order to help you study, I will leave the explanation about the rules of adding S at the end of the tapescript. This way, we will hear sentences like: My husband works at a broadcasting company or She has five dogs and a cat. When it comes to negative sentences, we will use the auxiliary verb DO for group 1 and DOES for group 2. For example: I don’t study on Sunday They don’t attend meetings after 6p.m. For Group 2, as we use DOESN’T, we won’t add S to the verbs: She doesn’t have siblings He doesn’t like eating broccoli Remember the auxiliary verbs do not have a real meaning. They are there only to inform us what verbal tense is in use at the time we are speaking. So, in case we want to use the verb TO DO as the main verb, in the negative, we will use DON’T or DOESN’T, followed by DO, such as: I don’t do housework during weekends She doesn’t do the homework on time When we talk about Interrogative Sentences, we will also use auxiliary verbs, before the subject: For Example: Do the kids play with friends at school? Does the doctor attend in the morning? We can also use QUESTION WORDS, like WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, etc. How often do you exercise? Why does she live with her parents? That’s it! Hope you liked it. Remember to follow us on Instagram. Search for @carolpinhoefl. See you on our next Carol Tips!

2. 

   27 Oct 2021

   Present Perfect Episode 2 - key words

   Hello everyone! This is Teacher Carol Pinho and this is our new episode of Carol Tips! Today, here is the Second Episode about Present Perfect. The last two episodes were about Simple Past and Present Perfect as well. It would be interesting if you studied those ones first. In case you haven’t done it yet, I will leave the links at the end of the tapescript for you! As we saw it, Simple Past is used to talk about things that happened in the past, but the period must be SPECIFIC and OVER. Regarding Present Perfect, it is used to talk about events that occured in the past, but when the PERIOD IS NOT SPECIFIC or when the PERIOD IS NOT OVER. We also use Present Perfect when we talk about NOT SPECIFIC TIME IN THE PAST, it means that we talk about an action that happened at some point in the past, but we don’t inform when. Today we will talk about the KEY WORDS that can be used with Present Perfect. They are special words that add some new idea or meaning to the sentences. EVER Ever is usually used in questions, when we ask people about their life experiences. For example: Have you ever traveled abroad? (I mean, anytime in your life?) Have you ever eaten Thai food? Has your mom ever been to Italy? NEVER Used to talk about the absence of expeciente. I have never climbed a mountain (Note that we don’t say = I haven’t ever climbed a mountain. My mom has never spoken English. JUST It indicates situations which occurred in a very recent time in the past. For instance: I arrived home at 5:00p.m. My mom called me at 5:10. In this situation, I could tell her: I have just arrived home from work. other examples: I will eat dessert later. I have just eaten half a pizza. I am so happy! My brother has just told me he will be a father! ALREADY Used to talk about things that were done before the expected time For example: It is 9:00a.m., but I have already cooked lunch for today. My husband has already left for work. Normally he goes later. We can also use ALREADY in questions, like: Have you already done your homework? And finally YET… In the end of affirmative questions, it is equal ALREADY…. so we can say Have you already finished your lunch? or Have you finished your lunch yet? but…. in the end of negative sentences, it means the opposite, that something is late, or not accomplished within the expected time…. I haven’t recorded the episode yet. She hasn’t arrived from school yet. That 's it! Hope you liked it. Remember to follow us on Instagram. Search for @carolpinhoefl. We are also on Youtube. See you on our next Carol Tips!

3. 

   18 Apr 2021

   PRESENT PERFECT - EPISODE 1

   #TAPESCRIPT### Hello everyone! This is Teacher Carol Pinho and this is our new episode of Carol Tips! Today, we will start a series of Podcasts about Present Perfect. Last episode was about Simple Past. It is interesting if you study that one first. In case you haven’t done that yet, I suggest you go there and listen first! As we saw, Simple Past is used to talk about things that happened in the past, but the period must be SPECIFIC and OVER, which means, we have to know when the action occurred and the period of the sentence must be a time that is over, finished. For example: I moved to Bahia in 2016. (I inform when the action occurred: 2016 and this period is over, right?) or He didn’t work at that company last year. Talking about structure, when we use PRESENT PERFECT, we use the auxiliary verb TO HAVE: Remember that we use HAVE for I, YOU, WE and THEY and HAS for HE, SHE and IT. After the auxiliary verb, we use the 3rd column of the verbs, which is called PAST PARTICIPLE: For example go - went - gone see - saw - seen make - made - made dance - danced - danced PRESENT PERFECT, different from Simple Past, is used to talk about events that occurred in the past, but when the PERIOD IS NOT SPECIFIC or when the PERIOD IS NOT OVER. When we talk about NOT SPECIFIC TIME IN THE PAST, it means that we talk about an action that happened at some point in the past, but we don’t inform when, for example: I have studied at USP My husband has had a publicity agency We have lived in São Paulo All of those things have occurred in my life, but I don’t tell you when exactly. It is important to say that we only use this for people who are alive, because their lifetime is an open period. When we talk about dead people, we use SIMPLE PAST, even when we don’t say when the actions happened, seeing that the person’s lifetime is OVER, so the period is OVER. For instance: My grandfather lived in Santos. My grandmother had 11 children My great-grandfather worked as a wagon driver. All these people already passed, which means, they died. Their life period is OVER, is CLOSED. I don’t tell when these events occurred, but I know the period is OVER. The other use for PRESENT PERFECT is when we talk about actions that happened (in the past), but they are inside a period that is not OVER. For example: TODAY, THIS WEEK, THIS MONTH, THIS YEAR, IN THE LAST 10 YEARS, THIS DECADE, etc. I say…. I drank coffee yesterday. (using SIMPLE PAST, because both my action and the period are over) but I say…. I have drunk coffee today My daughter has read a book this week (using PRESENT PERFECT because TODAY and THIS WEEK are NOT OVER, even though my coffee and my daughter’s reading are over) In negative sentences we use the NEGATIVE AUXILIARY VERBS, HAVEN’T or HASN’T: I haven’t had breakfast today. My son hasn’t done homework this week. In INTERROGATIVE sentences, we use the auxiliary verbs before the subject: Have you eaten any fruit today? Has she lived abroad in the last 10 years? Where have you been to this week? What have you done today? Note that, in PRESENT PERFECT, we use the PRINCIPAL VERB in PAST PARTICIPLE (or 3rd COLUMN) in all sentences, affirmative, negative and interrogative! That 's it! Hope you liked it. In our next episode we will talk more about PRESENT PERFECT. Remember to follow us on Instagram. Search for @carolpinhoefl. We are also on Youtube. See you on our next Carol Tips!

4. 

   14 Mar 2021

   SIMPLE PAST

   ###TAPESCRIPT### Hello everyone! This is Teacher Carol Pinho and this is our new episode of Carol Tips! Today, we will talk about Simple Past So, let’s get down to business! Simple Past is used to talk about things that happened in the past, but the period must be SPECIFIC, that is, we have to know when the action occurred, like in: I visited my family in 2019. or I went to London in 2017. The period must be SPECIFIC and FINISHED, meaning that, the “time” of the sentence must be OVER For example: The sentence: “My daughter was born in 2000” is correct, because the year 2000 is over now. ok teacher…. and if I want to say “I drank coffee today”, is it correct? No! It is not! Today is not over. My coffee is over, but the period we are using isn’t finished. In this case, we will use PRESENT PERFECT. We will talk about this verbal tense on our next episode. Now, talking about structure. When we use Simple Past, we use the 2nd column of the verbs in the affirmative sentences, like: go - went see - saw make - made dance - danced For example: My husband cooked pasta last Sunday. or She watched an amazing movie yesterday. In the negative, we use the auxiliary verb DIDN’T and the principal verb in the infinitive form, which is the base form or the 1st column of verbs. For example: I didn’t go to the movies last weekend. or My parents didn’t visit me last year. (Do you see? In the negative, the verb is not in the PAST FORM) When we talk about INTERROGATIVE sentences, we use DID as the auxiliary verb, followed by the subject and the infinitive of the verb too, equal in the negative form. For instance: Did you read the news yesterday? or Did you see John at school last week? When we use WH words in the questions, like WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY or HOW, we place them before the subject. The structure will be: WH WORD + DID + SUBJECT + VERB IN INFINITIVE For example: When did you move to Bahia? How did you go to work yesterday? Why did you decide to stop university last year? When we make sentences with VERB TO BE in the PAST, it is all different, right? In affirmative sentences, we use WAS or WERE Note that we use WAS for I, HE, SHE and IT and WERE for YOU, WE and THEY Like in: I was born in 1982 She was at home last night They were boring when they were kids For the NEGATIVE form, we do not use the AUXILIARY VERB DIDN’T. VERB TO BE goes to negative form alone, was not (or) WASN’T She wasn’t my friend 10 years ago I wasn’t well last night were not (or) WEREN’T They weren’t together in the party on Saturday You weren’t happy at the club yesterday In the INTERROGATIVE, we move the verb to be before the subject, such as: Was he at school yesterday? Were you happy when you lived in London? We can also place the WH WORDS before verb to be in the questions. For example: Where were you last night? Why was the refrigerator door opened? That’s it! Hope you liked it. Remember to follow us on Instagram. Search for @carolpinhoefl. We are also on Youtube. See you on our next Carol Tips!

5. 

   28 Feb 2021

   HAVE SOMETHING DONE

   ####TAPESCRIPT#### Hello everyone! This is teacher Carol Pinho, and here is our new episode of Carol Tips! Remember that this audio tapescript is available in the podcast description! Today we will talk about  HAVE SOMETHING DONE In English, if I say: I CUT MY HAIR YESTERDAY, I mean I, myself, with my hands, cut my own hair. It doesn’t mean I paid someone else, like a hairdresser, to cut my hair for me. When I say: I AM PAINTING MY APARTMENT, I am telling you that I am painting the walls myself, using my hands. Ok! So, Teacher! How can I inform that I paid someone to do something for me? We use HAVE SOMETHING DONE. The structure is simple: we use HAVE in the verbal tense that we want. For example: I have or He has  (for Simple Present) She will have (for the Future) They had (for the Past) You should have (when we talk about modal verbs) He has never had (for Present Perfect) After HAVE, we use the SOMETHING, which is, in the previous examples, the hair, the apartment or the walls. Then, we use the verb in the participle form, which is the 3rd column of the verbs Like in: I had my hair cut yesterday. (I am telling you that I got someone else to cut my hair for me yesterday) I am having my apartment painted this week. (someone is painting my apartment this week, not me) I will have my car washed next Saturday (I will pay a person to wash my car for me next Saturday, I won’t wash it myself) Lisa had the roof repaired yesterday (Lisa paid someone to repair her damaged roof) My husband has his beard trimmed at the same barbershop. (He pays the same barber to trim his beard) We had our shower fixed two days ago. (We called someone to fix our broken shower) We can use it in NEGATIVE form: I don’t have my hair cut. I cut it myself. We didn’t have the car washed last week. It is so dirty! She doesn’t have the house cleaned, because she doesn’t like other people in her house. I won’t have my nails polished this week. I will polish them myself. And, we can also use it in INTERROGATIVE sentences, like: Did you have your hair cut? Does she have her nails polished every week? Will you have the car washed next Saturday? That’s it! Hope you like it! Follow us on Instagram as well! Search for @carolpinhoefl! See you on the next episode of Carol Tips!

6. 

   28 Feb 2021

   Podcast Trailer

   Hello everyone! This is teacher Carol Pinho! I have been teaching English for over 24 years now. Here you will find, every week, audio tips about grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and business, always counting on easy explanations, useful examples and clear tapescripts to support and improve your studies! Hope to make your learning process a nicer journey! New episodes every Sunday! See you around

7. 

   21 Feb 2021

   Conditional Sentences - 3rd Conditional

   Hello everyone! This is teacher Carol Pinho, and here is our new episode of Carol Tips! Remember that this audio tapescript is available in the podcast description! This is the Last Episode of a series of four, talking about CONDITIONALS. If you haven’t listened to the other three ones, check there in the other episodes and listen to the other ones as well, ok? Today we will talk about the THIRD CONDITIONAL. This conditional doesn’t talk about facts or obvious things, like the ZERO CONDITIONAL or about things that have a real possibility to happen, like the FIRST CONDITIONAL, or even about IMAGINARY or HYPOTHETICAL situations, like the SECOND CONDITIONAL THIRD CONDITIONAL talks about THE PAST. In this conditional, we imagine what could have happened if an imaginary situation had occurred in the past. For example: If I hadn’t had kids, I would have studied abroad. The reality is: I’ve had two kids. So, in the THIRD CONDITIONAL, we imagine what would have happened, or what someone would have done in situations that are not real, in the past. If my husband hadn’t worked with me, we wouldn’t have met each other. My husband and I worked together in the past and we met at work. In all of these examples, I have a IMAGINARY CONDITION IN THE PAST. In the sequence, we have the imagined CONSEQUENCES for that condition, in the past as well. The structure of THIRD CONDITIONAL is: IF + PAST PERFECT, (COMMA) WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE of the verb (which is the 3rd column of the verb) We use IF and PAST PERFECT for the condition (like in: “If I hadn’t had kids…..”) and we use WOULD (or in the negative WOULDN’T) + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE for the CONSEQUENCE (like: “I would have studied abroad”). Note that, when we say PAST PERFECT, the structure is HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE (or the 3rd column), like in: He had bought I had cleaned When we need the negative, we use the auxiliary verb in the negative form, HADN’T, such as: I hadn’t gone there We hadn’t spoken to the policeman For the CONSEQUENCES, we use WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE. We don’t use HAS, even if the subject is HE, SHE or IT ok? For example: I would have drunk She would have seen Coming back to the THIRD CONDITIONAL… We must remember that IF and WOULD are never on the same clause, which means, they are never on the same side of the sentences. IF comes together with PAST PERFECT, and WOULD or WOULDN’T come separate, for the consequence, with HAVE and the verb in the PARTICIPLE form. Other examples of third conditional are: She would have been on time for the interview if she had left the house early. (I know by this sentence that she arrived late for the interview) If I had studied more, I would have passed the test. (the reality is that I didn’t study enough, so I didn’t pass the test) If we hadn’t traveled so much last year, we would have saved more money. (we traveled a lot, so we didn’t save money) That’s it! Hope you like it! See you on the next episode of Carol Tips

8. 

   14 Feb 2021

   Conditional Sentences - 2nd. Conditional

   #TAPESCRIPT# This is the Third Episode of a series of four, talking about CONDITIONALS. If you haven’t listened to the first two ones, check there in the other episodes and listen to the other ones as well, ok? Today we will talk about the SECOND CONDITIONAL. This conditional doesn’t talk about facts or obvious things, like the ZERO CONDITIONAL or about things that have a real possibility to happen, like the FIRST CONDITIONAL. SECOND CONDITIONAL talks about IMPOSSIBLE, IMAGINARY or HYPOTHETICAL things and the possible consequences for them, if they came true. For example: If I had 5 million dollars, I would travel around the world The reality is: I don’t have 5 million dollars, unfortunately rssss So, in the SECOND CONDITIONAL, we imagine what would happen, or what someone would do in situations that are not real. In all of these examples, I have a CONDITION which is impossible or almost impossible to happen. In the sequence, we have the imagined CONSEQUENCES for that condition The structure of SECOND CONDITIONAL is: IF + SIMPLE PAST, (COMMA) WOULD + the VERB IN INFINITIVE We use IF and SIMPLE PAST for the condition (like in: “If I had 5 million dollars…..”) and we use WOULD (or in the negative WOULDN’T) for the CONSEQUENCE (like: “I would travel around the world”). Note that, when we say SIMPLE PAST, we have to remember that, in affirmative forms, we must use the PAST FORM OF THE VERBS: For example: She lived He had It broke They bought For the negative sentences, we use the auxiliary verb: DIDN’T + the VERB IN the INFINITIVE: (it means we don’t use the past form of the verbs in the negative sentences, ok?) For example: I didn’t have a house You didn’t study online We didn’t work at that the same company They didn’t clean the house very well Coming back to the SECOND CONDITIONAL… We must remember that IF and WOULD are never on the same clause, which means, they are never on the same side of the sentences. IF comes together with SIMPLE PAST, and WOULD or WOULDN’T come separate, for the consequence. Other examples of second conditional are: If I had super powers, I would be invisible. (because I don’t have super power, right?) If I didn’t have to work today, I would spend the day watching Netflix. (it is also imaginary, since I have to work a lot today, right?) If my parents didn’t live so far, I wouldn’t miss them so much. (I live in Salvador and my parents live in São Paulo) In SECOND CONDITIONAL, when we use VERB TO BE in the PAST FORM, it is possible to use only WERE, no matter the subject. For instance: If I were a man, I would walk around without my T-shirt If she weren’t so rich, she would have to work hard. But, this grammar point is not a rule anymore, so you can choose to use WAS or WERE, following the regular use of VERB TO BE in the past. We use WAS for I, HE, SHE and IT and we use WERE for YOU, WE and THEY. If I was American, I would have different alimentation habits. If Chris was the boss, the company wouldn’t have so many problems. That’s it! Hope you like it! See you on the next episode of Carol Tips!

9. 

   7 Feb 2021

   Conditional Sentences - 1st Conditional

   #TAPESCRIPT# This is the Second Episode of a series of four, talking about CONDITIONALS. If you haven’t listened to the first one, check there in the other episodes and listen to that one as well, ok? Today we will talk about the FIRST CONDITIONAL. This conditional doesn’t talk about facts or obvious things, like the ZERO CONDITIONAL. FIRST CONDITIONAL talks about things that have a REAL POSSIBILITY TO HAPPEN and the possible consequences for them. For example: If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home OR If it rains tomorrow, I will exercise in my house BUT If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will run at the beach OR If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will have a picnic at the park with my friends. In all of these examples, I have a CONDITION which is possible to happen. It may rain or not tomorrow, right? In the sequence, I’ve exposed possible consequences for this condition. The structure of FIRST CONDITIONAL is: IF + SIMPLE PRESENT, (COMMA) WILL or WON’T + VERB IN INFINITIVE We use IF and SIMPLE PRESENT for the condition (like in: “If it rains tomorrow…..” or “If it doesn’t rain tomorrow”) and we use WILL (or in the negative WON’T) for the CONSEQUENCE (like: “I will stay home” or “I will run at the beach”). Note that, when we say SIMPLE PRESENT, we have to remember that, in affirmative forms, we must add +S to the verbs when our subject is HE, SHE or IT: For example: She lives He has It breaks I will leave the rules for adding S to the verbs at the end of the description, in case you want to study them! For the negative sentences, we use the auxiliary verbs: DON’T or DOESN’T: We use DON’T when the subject is I, YOU, WE or THEY, like: I don’t have a house You don’t study online We don’t work at that the same company They don’t clean the house very well We use DOESN’T when the subject is HE, SHE or IT, for example: He doesn’t work here She doesn’t like this kind of food It doesn’t bark at night. Remember that, when we use DOESN’T, we do not add S to the verbs! Coming back to the FIRST CONDITIONAL… We must remember that IF and WILL are never on the same clause, which means, they are never on the same side of the sentences. IF comes together with SIMPLE PRESENT, for the possible situation, and WILL or WON’T come separate, for the possible consequence. That’s it! Hope you like it! See you on the next episode of Carol Tips! SIMPLE PRESENT RULES: As promised, here are the rules for adding S to the verb in the Simple Present affirmative forms for HE, SHE and IT: - When the verb ends in O, S, SH, CH, X, Z = +ES He goes She watches - When the verb ends in VOWEL (aeiou) + Y = +S He plays - When the verb ends in CONSONANT (bcdfg…) + Y = -Y+IES (cry) She cries - HAVE (I, you, we, they) = HAS (she, he, it) I have a dog He has a dog - For the other situations, only +S: He listens She sings

10. 

    24 Jan 2021

    Conditional Sentences - Zero Conditional

    - Tape Script - Many of my students complain about finding it difficult to use the IF-clauses, or the so called CONDITIONAL sentences. This will be the first of 4 episodes discussing this topic. Conditionals always discuss a relationship between a condition and a consequence, or possible consequence, for this condition. The conditionals are many in English, but we usually study 4 of them: The ZERO, the FIRST, the SECOND and the THIRD CONDITIONALS. Today, we will talk about ZERO CONDITIONAL! So, let’s start: Zero conditional is used to talk about THINGS THAT ARE OBVIOUS, GENERAL TRUTHS (things that are always true everywhere), SCIENTIFIC FACTS or things from the REAL WORLD: The structure consists of two parts: the CONDITION and the CONSEQUENCE. The IF-clause is always the condition. Here we use: IF + SIMPLE PRESENT (and this part is the condition), (comma) and SIMPLE PRESENT again (now for the consequence) If we put water in the freezer, it turns into ice. When I say: If we put water in the freezer, it is my CONDITION When I say: It turns into ice, it is my CONSEQUENCE If you heat butter, it melts. If you eat too much fat, you gain weight. If you drink much alcohol, you get drunk. Pay attention to an important fact: When we say SIMPLE PRESENT, it is different from saying INFINITIVE. In SIMPLE PRESENT, we need to follow some rules. In affirmative sentences, when using the SUBJECT as HE, SHE or IT, we add S (+S) to the verb, like: She goes He likes It wants There are some rules and exceptions, such as HAVE, that for HE, SHE and IT, becomes HAS, in sentences like: I have a house My husband has a car In order to help to study, I will leave all these rules in the end of the podcast tapescript description! Teacher: and when we need to use the NEGATIVE form? in this case, we will use the AUXILIARY VERBS (DON’T or DOESN’T). We use DON’T for I, YOU, WE and THEY, like? I don’t live in São Paulo They don’t drink soda We use DOESN’T for HE, SHE and IT. Note that in the negative form, we don’t add S to the verb! He doesn’t work at that company She doesn’t have a nice dress for the party So, coming back to the conditionals. We will use SIMPLE PRESENT twice in the same sentence: If the plant gets too much water, it dies. If the plant doesn’t get enough water, it doesn’t grow. If the children practice exercises, they keep healthy. If the children don’t practice exercises, they don’t grow strong. Pay attention when you use VERB TO BE. In Simple Present, verb to be is AM, IS or ARE. In the negative we use: AM NOT, ISN’T or AREN’T. With verb to be, we don’t use the auxiliary verbs DON’T or DOESN’T. If you aren’t at school on time, you don’t enter. If ice isn’t in the freezer, it melts. Note that the comma in the middle of the two clauses is necessary, but if you change the order, it is not used: If you spend the day at the beach, you get tanned. (here there is a comma between the two clause) You get tanned if you spend the day at the beach. (in this order, the comma disappears) That’s it! Hope you like it. Try to study that! SIMPLE PRESENT RULES: As promised, here are the rules for adding S to the verb in the Simple Present affirmative forms for HE, SHE and IT: - When the verb ends in O, S, SH, CH, X, Z = +ES He goes She watches - When the verb ends in VOWEL (aeiou) + Y = +S He plays - When the verb ends in CONSONANT (bcdfg…) + Y = -Y+IES (cry) She cries - HAVE (I, you, we, they) = HAS (she, he, it) I have a dog He has a dog - For the other situations, only +S: He listens She sings

11. 

    19 Jan 2021

    Wishes

    TAPESCRIPT As you know, in all countries, it is a common practice to write fast notes or messages, expressing wishes for the people we love, to our friends or to our business partners, celebrating their birthdays, success, accomplishments or promotions. Today we are going to learn some grammar topics that can be helpful in doing so: Similar to the farewell sentence used by the Jedis, in Star Wars, “May the force be with you”, we can use the modal verb MAY to express our wishes for someone. Note that, the structure used in this case is MAY + the SUBJECT of the sentence + the VERB in the INFINITIVE (just remember that the infinitive is the BASE FORM of the verb, or the first column, like go, be, do, make) We can use sentences like: May you have a prosperous New Year May all of your wishes come true May you and your family keep healthy and happy in the coming year May the odds be ever in your favor. The next verb we can use is WISH. After this verb, we can use a SUBJECT and a NOUN, for example: I wish you happiness and health throughout this year I wish you an amazing and full of joy new cycle. I wish you lots of happiness and good luck on your birthday. When we want to talk about present situations we would like to be different in the future, we can use the structure: WISH + SUBJECT + SIMPLE PAST: It would be something like: I wish you were here with me (because you are not) I wish we could spend your birthday together (since it won’t be possible) I wish we saw each other more often in this year (I don’t think we see each other often enough) I wish the pandemic finished, so we could get together and celebrate. When we use the negative, we have to use didn’t: I wish you didn’t live so far I wish we didn’t have to be apart this year. Remember that when we use DIDN’T, the verb goes back to the INFINITIVE form! Note that, in case of sentences with verb to be, we do not use didn’t: I wish you weren’t so far from the family right now. That’s it! Hope you like it! May you guys have a wonderful and peaceful 2021!

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