本集資料出處：
① What Time Alone Offers: Narratives of Solitude From Adolescence to Older Adulthood
Weinstein, Nguyen & Hansen（2021）｜Frontiers in Psychology
研究 2,035 位青少年、成年人與高齡者，探索不同人生階段如何經驗獨處，以及人們可能從獨處中獲得什麼。研究也指出：Solitude（獨處）與 Loneliness（孤單）並不是同一件事。
👉 公開閱讀全文｜Frontiers in Psychology
② Who enjoys solitude? Autonomous functioning (but not introversion) predicts self-determined motivation (but not preference) for solitude
Nguyen, Weinstein & Ryan（2022）｜PLOS ONE
喜歡獨處，不代表就是內向。研究探討一個人的自主性、內外向特質，以及「自主選擇獨處」之間的關係。
👉 公開閱讀全文｜PLOS ONE
③ Solitude as an Approach to Affective Self-Regulation
Nguyen, Ryan & Deci（2018）｜Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
研究發現，獨處會降低高度激發的正面與負面情緒；當一個人主動選擇獨處時，也可能產生放鬆與降低壓力的效果。
👉 公開研究版本｜Durham University Research Repository
④ Explaining Sibling Differences in Achievement and Behavioral Outcomes: The Importance of Within- and Between-Family Factors
Conley, Pfeiffer & Velez（2007）｜Social Science Research
研究同一家庭中的兄弟姊妹，探討為什麼即使在同一個家庭成長，孩子的學習與行為發展仍可能出現差異，以及家庭內、家庭間不同因素所扮演的角色。
👉 研究資料與摘要｜Princeton University
延伸閱讀｜Dalton Conley《The Pecking Order: Which Siblings Succeed and Why》
節目中提到的 Conley 著作，進一步討論為什麼同一家庭中的兄弟姊妹，最後可能走向非常不同的人生。
👉 書籍介紹｜Penguin Random House
本集製作：Mavis
歡迎追蹤本頻道IG： only_child_1990
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