by 晨听英语
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April 30, 2025
<p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal">Therizinosaurs <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">lumbered</strong> around the Earth on their <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">hind</strong> legs tens of millions of years ago. Some researchers have likened them to giant <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">feathered</strong> <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">sloths</strong>. Every species discovered so far had three fingers with <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">strikingly</strong> long <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">claws</strong> on each hand. But this new discovery in Mongolia only had two.</p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal">镰刀龙是一类在数千万年前的地球上用后肢缓慢行走的恐龙。一些研究人员把它们比作巨大的长有羽毛的树懒。在此之前发现的每种镰刀龙每只手上都有三个指，每个指上都长有醒目的长爪。但本次在蒙古发现的新品种只有两个指。 </p><span><br></span><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal">At about three metres in length and weighing more than a quarter of a ton, it was a medium sized dinosaur. And despite their sharp claws' <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">nightmarish</strong> appearance, this reptile was not a <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">predator</strong>. Instead, it's thought to have used its hands to <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">grasp</strong> <strong style="color:#FC5832;word-break:break-all;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight: normal;">vegetation</strong>.</p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal">这种镰刀龙体长三米，体重超过四分之一吨，属于中型大小的恐龙。虽然它们的利爪看起来颇为可怕，但这种爬行动物并非掠食者。科学家认为它们其实是用手来抓取植物而非猎物。</p><span><br></span><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;">词汇表</p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal">lumbered 缓慢地行走<br>hind 后部的，后面的<br>feathered 有羽毛的<br>sloths 树懒<br>strikingly 醒目地，显著地<br>claws 爪子<br>nightmarish 可怕的，噩梦般的<br>predator 掠食者<br>grasp 抓握，抓取<br>vegetation 植物，植被</p>
April 29, 2025
<p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span>Beta-amyloids are substances linked to problems in the brain including Alzheimer’s disease. When scientists injected mice with beta-amyloids, the substance left the brain faster when the animals were sleeping. </span><span>β-淀粉样蛋白是与包括阿尔茨海默氏病在内的大脑问题有关的物质。 当科学家向小鼠注射β淀粉样蛋白时，该物质在动物睡觉时会更快地离开大脑。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>It is not clear exactly how the system works. However, some research has shown that the movement of blood vessels might help move the waste-clearing fluid where it needs to go. </span><span>目前尚不清楚系统如何工作。 但是，一些研究表明，血管的运动可能有助于将废水清除液移动到需要的地方。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>Finding the system in humans is not easy. Regular MRI scans can show some of the fluid-filled channels. But Piantino said the scans do not show their purpose. </span><span>在人类中找到系统并不容易。 常规的MRI扫描可以显示一些充满流体的通道。 但是Piantino说，扫描没有显示出其目的。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>To find out more, his team at Oregon Health & Science University injected a substance called a tracer into five patients. The tracer “lit up” during MRI scans. Twenty-four to 48 hours later, the tracer material was seen moving through the brain using the channels as in the earlier research on mice. </span><span>为了了解更多信息，他在俄勒冈州健康与科学大学的团队向五名患者注入了一种名为示踪剂的物质。 示踪剂在MRI扫描过程中“点亮”。 二十四到48小时后，观察到示踪剂的材料使用通道在大脑中移动，就像对小鼠的早期研究一样。</span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"> <span><br></span><span>Rochester’s Dr. Maiken Nedergaard predicts that the study will increase interest in how brain waste clearance connects to people’s health. </span><span>罗切斯特（Rochester）的Maiken Nedergaard博士预测，这项研究将增加对脑浪费清除如何与人们健康相关的兴趣。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>But to test if better sleep or other treatments might really increase waste clearance and improve health, researchers "have to be able to measure glymphatic function in people,” said Dr. Jeff Iliff. He is with the University of Washington and has helped lead waste-clearance research. The question is whether the new study might point to ways of measuring the process. </span><span>但是，要测试更好的睡眠或其他治疗方法是否确实可以增加废物清除并改善健康状况，研究人员“必须能够衡量人们的同变功能，” Jeff Iliff博士说。 他在华盛顿大学任职，并帮助领导了废物清除研究。 问题是新研究是否可能指出测量过程的方法。</span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>Sleep is not the only question. For example, animal studies show that a blood pressure drug now used to treat the stress disorder called PTSD might improve glymphatic clearing. Iliff and Dr. Elaine Peskind plan to study this drug in a group of patients. </span><span>睡眠不是唯一的问题。 例如，动物研究表明，现在用来治疗称为PTSD的应激障碍的血压药物可能会改善胶囊清除。 Iliff和Elaine Peskind博士计划在一组患者中研究这种药物。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>Larger studies in healthy people are also needed. </span><span>还需要在健康人中进行更大的研究。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>In addition, Piantino, who used tracer chemicals in people, wants to find an easier, noninvasive test to follow the waste clearance. </span><span>此外，使用示踪剂化学物质的Piantino希望找到一个更容易，无创的测试来遵循废物清除。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>“We cannot study all the questions by injecting people,” he said. 他说：“我们无法通过注入人来研究所有问题。”</span><br></p>
April 28, 2025
<p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span>A rare look inside the human brain might help to explain how it clears away waste. Scientists say the failure to clear away such waste can lead to Alzheimer’s disease and other brain disorders. </span><span>人脑内部的罕见外观可能有助于解释它如何清除废物。 科学家说，未能清除这种废物会导致阿尔茨海默氏病和其他脑部疾病。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>Brain cells use a lot of nutrients. This means they produce a lot of waste. Scientists believe the brain has special structures to take out this “cellular trash,” especially during sleep. They have reported observing this process happening in mice. But they had no clear evidence that this happens in humans.</span><span>脑细胞使用大量营养。 这意味着它们会产生很多浪费。 科学家认为大脑具有特殊的结构，可以消除这种“细胞垃圾”，尤其是在睡眠期间。 他们报告说观察到小鼠发生的这一过程。 但是他们没有明确的证据表明这发生在人类中。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>Recently published research appears to have identified a system, or network, of very small waste-clearing channels in the brains of living humans. The researchers used a special kind of imaging technology to study the network. </span><span>最近发表的研究似乎已经确定了活着的人类大脑中非常小的废物清除渠道的系统或网络。 研究人员使用一种特殊的成像技术来研究网络。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>One of the researchers was Dr. Juan Piantino of Oregon Health & Science University. Piantino said the new research was important evidence. “We needed this piece to say this happens in humans, too,” he said. </span><span>研究人员之一是俄勒冈州健康与科学大学的胡安·皮安蒂诺（Juan Piantino）博士。 Piantino说，这项新研究是重要的证据。 他说：“我们需要这件作品也可以说这在人类中也会发生。” </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>His team recently published its findings in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. </span><span>他的团队最近在美国国家科学院会议录中发表了研究结果。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>The brain is very active during sleep. During sleeping hours, the brain appears to clean itself. </span><span>大脑在睡眠期间非常活跃。 在睡眠时间里，大脑似乎会自身清洁。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>That idea has gotten the attention of researchers. Losing a good night’s sleep can cause people’s thinking to be unclear. But a continuous lack of sleep is believed to increase the risk of the brain disorder dementia. </span><span>这个想法引起了研究人员的关注。 失去晚安的睡眠可能会导致人们的想法不清楚。 但是据信持续缺乏睡眠会增加脑部疾病痴呆症的风险。 </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>How does the brain clean itself? </span><span>大脑如何清洁自己？ </span></p><p style="color:#333333;font-weight:normal;font-size:16px;line-height:30px;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;hyphens:auto;text-align:justify;" data-flag="normal"><span><br></span><span>Over 12 years ago, scientists at the University of Rochester first reported finding a network they named the “glymphatic system.” Fluid from the brain, called cerebrospinal fluid, travels through channels surrounding blood vessels to carry waste out of the brain. </span><span>12年前，罗切斯特大学的科学家首先报道了一个网络，他们将其命名为“ Glymphatic System”。 来自大脑的液体（称为脑脊液）通过周围的血管周围的通道行驶，以将废物从大脑中带走。</span><br></p>
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