聚焦医学遗传与人类遗传的最新进展, 关注遗传学在医药卫生市场中的价值。 讨论学术问题,探索转化机遇。 解析遗传密码,促进人类健康。

医学遗传前沿
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Podcast Overview
聚焦医学遗传与人类遗传的最新进展, 关注遗传学在医药卫生市场中的价值。 讨论学术问题,探索转化机遇。 解析遗传密码,促进人类健康。
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Publishing Since
1/4/2024
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Recent Episodes

June 21, 2026
EP46 MAVE:消灭 VUS 的大杀器
本期主要内容<br>做医学遗传的朋友都知道 VUS 有多烦:一份报告里冒出一堆"意义未明"的变异,既不能定致病也不能定良性,等于没给诊断。这期我们聊的 MAVE(Multiplexed Assays of Variant Effect ),就是目前消灭 VUS 最猛的一件武器:它用一次实验,把一个基因所有可能的突变全做一遍功能测试,提前画好一张"变异效应图谱",解读的时候直接查表就行。本期节目,我们介绍一下 MAVE是什么、怎么做讲起——从 2010 年前后那几篇奠基作,到 BRCA1、PTEN 这些经典案例,到最近两年爆火的 RNU4-2 。最后介绍两个落地工具:存原始数据的 MaveDB,和把功能分数翻译成 ACMG 临床证据的 ClinMAVE,怎么用在解读里。<br>关键词(中英文对照)<br>多重变异效应检测Multiplexed Assays of Variant Effect (MAVE)<br>深...<a href="https://www.xiaoyuzhoufm.com/episode/6a37269b75ba9e0c53368595?utm_source=rss&as=cHQ9MTIyNjE5MjQ3JmN0PWFwcGxlcG9kY2FzdF9zaG93bm90ZXMmbXQ9OA%3D%3D">去小宇宙查看完整单集简介</a><br><a href="https://oia.xiaoyuzhoufm.com/player/6a37269b75ba9e0c53368595?openTranscript=true&utm_source=rss&as=cHQ9MTIyNjE5MjQ3JmN0PXJzcyZtdD04&autoOpen=false">在小宇宙查看该单集文稿</a>

May 21, 2026
EP45 全长转录组测序:实用还是炫技?
<p>提到 RNAseq,我们默认想到的是已经广泛应用十多年的二代短读长 RNAseq。而如今,全长转录组测序正在从实验室走向临床。本期节目,我们从技术本身出发,聊聊长读长 RNA-seq 是什么、和短读长比到底强在哪,以及它在实际遗传病诊断中已经能做到什么——结合两篇 2026 年最新发表的临床队列研究,看看全长转录组在临床中的实用性如何。</p><hr><h2><strong>本期内容</strong></h2><ul><li><p>全长转录组测序的技术背景:短读长的三大局限,PacBio 与 ONT 平台的技术路线,以及 Iso-Seq 和 Kinnex 的关系</p></li><li><p>HiFi Kinnex RNA-seq(EJHG, 2026):全转录组方案在临床队列中的表现,球蛋白耗竭的反直觉结果,以及内含子保留、渗漏剪接、相位分析的实际案例 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-026-02042-9">doi:10.1038/s41431-026-02042-9</a></p></li><li><p>STRIPE(Science Advances, 2026):靶向长读长 RNA-seq 如何实现单倍型分辨诊断,以及供体剪接位点变异激活隐性 PAS 的新机制 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady9895">doi:10.1126/sciadv.ady9895</a></p></li><li><p>全长转录组的局限性和未来发展方向的探讨</p></li></ul><hr><h2><strong>术语列表</strong></h2><p><strong>Long-read RNA-seq<br></strong>全长转录组测序</p><p>对 RNA 分子从头到尾进行测序,获得完整的转录本序列,可同时获得剪接异构体信息和单倍型分辨。</p><p><strong>Iso-Seq</strong></p><p>PacBio 全长 RNA-seq 的标准操作框架,涵盖实验端(逆转录、扩增、去嵌合体)和生信端(比对、转录本重建、异构体分类),适用于历代 PacBio 测序仪。</p><p><strong>Kinnex / MAS-seq</strong></p><p>PacBio 2023 年推出的文库制备技术。将多个 cDNA 首尾串联成 concatamer 后测序,再由 skera 软件切分回原始片段,使 RNA 测序有效通量提升约一个数量级。Iso-Seq 是方法框架,Kinnex 是提升通量的文库策略,二者可结合使用。</p><p><strong>Haplotype resolution<br></strong>单倍型分辨</p><p>区分来自父母双方的两条等位基因(单倍型)的能力。短读长因片段太短往往无法实现,长读长可通过单条读长跨越多个变异位点完成相位分析(phasing)。</p><p><strong>Cryptic PAS<br></strong>隐性多聚腺苷酸化信号</p><p>内含子中本被 U1 snRNP 抑制的 poly(A) 信号。当供体剪接位点发生变异,U1 snRNP 无法正常结合,隐性 PAS 被激活,导致转录本在内含子处提前切割和多聚腺苷酸化,产生截短蛋白。</p><p><strong>NMD<br></strong>无义介导的 mRNA 降解</p><p>Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay,细胞降解含提前终止密码子的异常转录本的机制。导致部分致病转录本在常规 RNA-seq 中几乎检测不到,需要靶向深度覆盖或 cycloheximide(CHX)处理才能捕获。</p><p><strong>Leaky splicing<br></strong>渗漏剪接</p><p>纯合致病变异患者中仍可检测到少量正常剪接转录本的现象,提示剪接机器并未完全失效。可能解释相同基因型患者间临床表现的异质性。</p><p><strong>VUS<br></strong>临床意义不明确变异</p><p>Variant of Uncertain Significance,DNA 检测发现但缺乏足够功能证据判断致病性的变异。RNA-seq 可提供转录本层面的直接功能证据,有助于 VUS 的重新分类。</p><p><strong>CDG / PMD</strong></p><p>先天性糖基化障碍(Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation)和原发性线粒体病(Primary Mitochondrial Disease),本期 STRIPE 研究所涵盖的两类遗传代谢病,共涉及 466 + 359 个靶向基因。</p><hr><h2><strong>参考文献</strong></h2><p>Wang R, Wang F, et al. Targeted long-read RNA sequencing for rare disease diagnosis and variant interpretation. Science Advances 12, eady9895 (2026). <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady9895">doi:10.1126/sciadv.ady9895</a></p><p>Jaramillo Oquendo C, Ferraro F, et al. HiFi long-read RNA sequencing enhances clinical diagnostics in rare disorders. European Journal of Human Genetics (2026). <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-026-02042-9">doi:10.1038/s41431-026-02042-9</a></p><p>Wang F, et al. TEQUILA-seq: A versatile and low-cost method for targeted long-read RNA sequencing. Nature Communications 14, 4760 (2023).</p><p>Al'Khafaji AM, et al. High-throughput RNA isoform sequencing using programmed cDNA concatenation. Nature Biotechnology 42, 582–586 (2024). [MAS-seq / Kinnex 原始方法文章]</p><p>Kaida D, et al. U1 snRNP protects pre-mRNAs from premature cleavage and polyadenylation. Nature 468, 664–668 (2010). [隐性 PAS 机制背景]</p><p>Yepez VA, et al. Clinical implementation of RNA sequencing for Mendelian disease diagnostics. Genome Medicine 14, 38 (2022).</p><p>Pardo-Palacios FJ, et al. Systematic assessment of long-read RNA-seq methods for transcript identification and quantification. Nature Methods 21, 1349–1363 (2024).</p><p></p><p>若对播客有任何问题或者投稿,或需要获得文字版音频总结,请联系我 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="">zhaosen830@gmail.com</a><br>小红书 / 微博:@撸森森<br>同时也可以添加微信 zhaosen830 进入听友交流群,谢谢 Thanks♪(・ω・)ノ</p>

April 19, 2026
EP44 泛基因组(Pangenome)到底有啥用
<p>近几年关于泛基因组(Pangenome)的文章越来越多,而且一发就是顶刊。那究竟什么是Pangenome,它对于我们医学遗传又能起到什么作用?本期节目,我们首先介绍pangenome 的构建过程,包括多样本 assembly、graph genome 以及 nested variant 带来的复杂性。而后重点分析它在实际分析中的价值与局限:在 short-read 中的边际提升、在结构变异中的潜力与现实工具链的不匹配,以及在 long-read 时代它到底是不是“必须品”。最后,我们从一个更宏观的角度讨论科研热点与实际应用之间的关系:一个能发大文章的方向,是否真的等同于“有用”。</p><p>术语列表</p><ul> <li><strong>Reference genome(参考基因组)</strong><br>一个用于比对和变异检测的标准序列,通常是多个个体拼接而成的线性表示。</li> <li><strong>GRCh38(hg38)</strong><br>当前广泛使用的人类参考基因组版本,由 Genome Reference Consortium 维护,是多来源拼接而成的“共识序列”。</li> <li><strong>Pangenome(泛基因组)</strong><br>包含一个物种内多个个体基因组结构信息的集合,通常以 graph 形式表达多种可能路径。</li> <li><strong>Graph genome(图基因组)</strong><br>用节点和路径表示序列及其变异的结构,允许多条等位路径共存,而不是单一线性序列。</li> <li><strong>De novo assembly(从头组装)</strong><br>不依赖参考基因组,将测序数据直接拼接成完整基因组序列。</li> <li><strong>Phasing(分相)</strong><br>区分来自父母的两套染色体序列(haplotype)的过程。</li> <li><strong>Structural variant(SV,结构变异)</strong><br>包括 insertion、deletion、duplication、inversion 等较大尺度的变异。</li> <li><strong>Nested variant(嵌套变异)</strong><br>一个变异结构中包含其他变异,例如 insertion 内嵌 deletion,是 pangenome 构建中的主要复杂来源之一。</li></ul><h2>参考文献</h2><ul> <li>西湖大学 中国人群泛基因组数据库:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10315-y</li> <li>Human Pangenome Reference Consortium. A draft human pangenome reference. Nature, 2023.</li> <li>Liao et al. A pangenome graph for genome inference. Nature Methods, 2022.</li></ul><h2><br></h2><p>若对播客有任何问题或者投稿,或需要获得文字版音频总结,请联系我 zhaosen830@gmail.com</p><p>小红书/微博:@撸森森</p><p>同时也可以添加微信zhaosen830进入听友交流群,谢谢Thanks♪(・ω・)ノ</p>
46 total episodes available
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